How do the cells in the immune system recognize an antigen as foreign

1.[单选题]共用题干第一篇Immune FunctionsThe immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication net- work consisting of millions and millions of cells.Organized into sets and subsets,these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive(蜂巢).The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt,appropriate,effective,and self-limiting.At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules,the immune troops move quicklyto eliminate the intruders(人侵者).Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather,immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance.When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself molecule,the system has the ability to"remember"the specifics of the foreign body.Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules,the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies(抗体)passed during lactation(授乳期), this so called immune system memory is not inherited.Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family,your immune system must"learn"from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonseif molecules in the sea of microbes(微生物)in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonseif invader.Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen(抗原).Antigens are not to be confused with illergens(过敏原),which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy.An antigen can be a virus,a bacte-rium,or even a portion or product of one of these organisms.Tissues or cells from another individual also act as antigens,because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign,it rejects them.The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary,nonantigenic building blocks.An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and charac- teristic shapes called epitopes(抗原表位), which protrude(突出)from its surface. Most antigens , even the simplest microbes,carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface;some may even carry several hundreds.Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response.Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.How do the immune cells recognize an antigen as"foreign"or"nonself"? A Through an allergic response. B Through blood type. C Through characteristic shapes on the antigen surface. D Through fine hairs protruding from the antigen surface.

foreign body.Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules,the immune system reacts
accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies（抗体）passed during lactation（授乳期）, this so
called immune system memory is not inherited.Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family,your immune
system must"learn"from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonseif molecules in the sea of
microbes（微生物）in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match
up with and counteract each nonseif invader.
Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen（抗原）.Antigens are not
to be confused with illergens（过敏原）,which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune
system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy.An antigen can be a virus,a bacte-
rium,or even a portion or product of one of these organisms.Tissues or cells from another individual also act
as antigens,because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign,it rejects them.The body
will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their
primary,nonantigenic building blocks.An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and charac-
teristic shapes called epitopes（抗原表位）, which protrude（突出）from its surface. Most antigens , even the
simplest microbes,carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface;some may even carry several
hundreds.Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response.Only in abnormal
situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.How do the immune cells recognize an antigen as"foreign"or"nonself"? 选项： A:Through an allergic response. B:Through blood type. C:Through characteristic shapes on the antigen surface. D:Through fine hairs protruding from the antigen surface.">2.共用题干第一篇

Immune Functions

The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system.
The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication net-
work consisting of millions and millions of cells.Organized into sets and subsets,these cells pass information
back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive（蜂巢）.The result is a sensitive system of checks and
balances that produces an immune response that is prompt,appropriate,effective,and self-limiting.
At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune
defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules,the immune troops move quickly
to eliminate the intruders（人侵者）.Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as
self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather,immune
cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance.When a normally functioning
immune system attacks a nonself molecule,the system has the ability to"remember"the specifics of the
foreign body.Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules,the immune system reacts
accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies（抗体）passed during lactation（授乳期）, this so
called immune system memory is not inherited.Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family,your immune
system must"learn"from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonseif molecules in the sea of
microbes（微生物）in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match
up with and counteract each nonseif invader.
Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen（抗原）.Antigens are not
to be confused with illergens（过敏原）,which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune
system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy.An antigen can be a virus,a bacte-
rium,or even a portion or product of one of these organisms.Tissues or cells from another individual also act
as antigens,because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign,it rejects them.The body
will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their
primary,nonantigenic building blocks.An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and charac-
teristic shapes called epitopes（抗原表位）, which protrude（突出）from its surface. Most antigens , even the
simplest microbes,carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface;some may even carry several
hundreds.Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response.Only in abnormal
situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.How do the immune cells recognize an antigen as"foreign"or"nonself"? 选项： A:Through an allergic response. B:Through blood type. C:Through characteristic shapes on the antigen surface. D:Through fine hairs protruding from the antigen surface.

3.How do people exclude others from their own “imagined communities” in the film? 选项： A、Through naming/names B、Through languages C、Through appearances D、All of the above

4.Which of the following is not a characteristic of macrophages? 选项： A: secretion of soluble mediators B: killing tumor cells C: rearrangement of antigen-specific receptors D: phagocytosis of immune complexesE. presentation of antigen to T cells

5.B cells can be involved in all of the following processes EXCEPT 选项： A、capping and internalization of antigen bound by surface immunoglobulin receptors B、antigen processing and presentation C、release of perforin D、maturation to plasma cells E、expression of class II histocompatibility antigens on the cell surface

6.[单选题]共用题干第一篇Immune FunctionsThe immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication net- work consisting of millions and millions of cells.Organized into sets and subsets,these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive(蜂巢).The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt,appropriate,effective,and self-limiting.At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules,the immune troops move quicklyto eliminate the intruders(人侵者).Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather,immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance.When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself molecule,the system has the ability to"remember"the specifics of the foreign body.Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules,the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies(抗体)passed during lactation(授乳期), this so called immune system memory is not inherited.Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family,your immune system must"learn"from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonseif molecules in the sea of microbes(微生物)in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonseif invader.Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen(抗原).Antigens are not to be confused with illergens(过敏原),which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy.An antigen can be a virus,a bacte-rium,or even a portion or product of one of these organisms.Tissues or cells from another individual also act as antigens,because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign,it rejects them.The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary,nonantigenic building blocks.An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and charac- teristic shapes called epitopes(抗原表位), which protrude(突出)from its surface. Most antigens , even the simplest microbes,carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface;some may even carry several hundreds.Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response.Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.Which of the following statements is true? A Allergens are usually harmful substances. B Antigens can trigger an immune response. C People with antigens do not suffer from obvious responses. D There is no difference between an antigen and an allergen.

7.[单选题]共用题干第一篇Immune FunctionsThe immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication net- work consisting of millions and millions of cells.Organized into sets and subsets,these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive(蜂巢).The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt,appropriate,effective,and self-limiting.At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules,the immune troops move quicklyto eliminate the intruders(人侵者).Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather,immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance.When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself molecule,the system has the ability to"remember"the specifics of the foreign body.Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules,the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies(抗体)passed during lactation(授乳期), this so called immune system memory is not inherited.Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family,your immune system must"learn"from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonseif molecules in the sea of microbes(微生物)in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonseif invader.Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen(抗原).Antigens are not to be confused with illergens(过敏原),which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy.An antigen can be a virus,a bacte-rium,or even a portion or product of one of these organisms.Tissues or cells from another individual also act as antigens,because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign,it rejects them.The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary,nonantigenic building blocks.An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and charac- teristic shapes called epitopes(抗原表位), which protrude(突出)from its surface. Most antigens , even the simplest microbes,carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface;some may even carry several hundreds.Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response.Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.The immune cells and other cells in the body coexist peaceably in a state known as________. A self-tolerance B balance C harmony D tolerance

8.(10 points) The sensitive direction of error is (). 选项： A、main direction of motion B、feed movement direction C、normal direction of machining surface passing through the tool tip D、tangential direction of machined surface passing through the tip

foreign body.Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules,the immune system reacts
accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies（抗体）passed during lactation（授乳期）, this so
called immune system memory is not inherited.Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family,your immune
system must"learn"from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonseif molecules in the sea of
microbes（微生物）in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match
up with and counteract each nonseif invader.
Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen（抗原）.Antigens are not
to be confused with illergens（过敏原）,which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune
system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy.An antigen can be a virus,a bacte-
rium,or even a portion or product of one of these organisms.Tissues or cells from another individual also act
as antigens,because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign,it rejects them.The body
will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their
primary,nonantigenic building blocks.An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and charac-
teristic shapes called epitopes（抗原表位）, which protrude（突出）from its surface. Most antigens , even the
simplest microbes,carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface;some may even carry several
hundreds.Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response.Only in abnormal
situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage? 选项： A:An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response. B:One of the immune system's primary functions is the allergic response. C:The human body is an appropriate habitat for microbes. D:The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self and nonseif.">9.共用题干第一篇

Immune Functions

The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system.
The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication net-
work consisting of millions and millions of cells.Organized into sets and subsets,these cells pass information
back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive（蜂巢）.The result is a sensitive system of checks and
balances that produces an immune response that is prompt,appropriate,effective,and self-limiting.
At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune
defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules,the immune troops move quickly
to eliminate the intruders（人侵者）.Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as
self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather,immune
cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance.When a normally functioning
immune system attacks a nonself molecule,the system has the ability to"remember"the specifics of the
foreign body.Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules,the immune system reacts
accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies（抗体）passed during lactation（授乳期）, this so
called immune system memory is not inherited.Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family,your immune
system must"learn"from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonseif molecules in the sea of
microbes（微生物）in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match
up with and counteract each nonseif invader.
Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen（抗原）.Antigens are not
to be confused with illergens（过敏原）,which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune
system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy.An antigen can be a virus,a bacte-
rium,or even a portion or product of one of these organisms.Tissues or cells from another individual also act
as antigens,because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign,it rejects them.The body
will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their
primary,nonantigenic building blocks.An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and charac-
teristic shapes called epitopes（抗原表位）, which protrude（突出）from its surface. Most antigens , even the
simplest microbes,carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface;some may even carry several
hundreds.Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response.Only in abnormal
situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage? 选项： A:An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response. B:One of the immune system's primary functions is the allergic response. C:The human body is an appropriate habitat for microbes. D:The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self and nonseif.

10.A spherical surface with radius r is in a region of uniform electric field E. The electric flux through the surface is ______ .

foreign body.Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules,the immune system reacts
accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies（抗体）passed during lactation（授乳期）, this so
called immune system memory is not inherited.Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family,your immune
system must"learn"from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonseif molecules in the sea of
microbes（微生物）in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match
up with and counteract each nonseif invader.
Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen（抗原）.Antigens are not
to be confused with illergens（过敏原）,which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune
system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy.An antigen can be a virus,a bacte-
rium,or even a portion or product of one of these organisms.Tissues or cells from another individual also act
as antigens,because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign,it rejects them.The body
will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their
primary,nonantigenic building blocks.An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and charac-
teristic shapes called epitopes（抗原表位）, which protrude（突出）from its surface. Most antigens , even the
simplest microbes,carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface;some may even carry several
hundreds.Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response.Only in abnormal
situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.Which of the following statements is true? 选项： A:Allergens are usually harmful substances. B:Antigens can trigger an immune response. C:People with antigens do not suffer from obvious responses. D:There is no difference between an antigen and an allergen.">11.共用题干第一篇

Immune Functions

The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system.
The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication net-
work consisting of millions and millions of cells.Organized into sets and subsets,these cells pass information
back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive（蜂巢）.The result is a sensitive system of checks and
balances that produces an immune response that is prompt,appropriate,effective,and self-limiting.
At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune
defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules,the immune troops move quickly
to eliminate the intruders（人侵者）.Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as
self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather,immune
cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance.When a normally functioning
immune system attacks a nonself molecule,the system has the ability to"remember"the specifics of the
foreign body.Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules,the immune system reacts
accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies（抗体）passed during lactation（授乳期）, this so
called immune system memory is not inherited.Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family,your immune
system must"learn"from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonseif molecules in the sea of
microbes（微生物）in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match
up with and counteract each nonseif invader.
Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen（抗原）.Antigens are not
to be confused with illergens（过敏原）,which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune
system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy.An antigen can be a virus,a bacte-
rium,or even a portion or product of one of these organisms.Tissues or cells from another individual also act
as antigens,because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign,it rejects them.The body
will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their
primary,nonantigenic building blocks.An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and charac-
teristic shapes called epitopes（抗原表位）, which protrude（突出）from its surface. Most antigens , even the
simplest microbes,carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface;some may even carry several
hundreds.Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response.Only in abnormal
situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.Which of the following statements is true? 选项： A:Allergens are usually harmful substances. B:Antigens can trigger an immune response. C:People with antigens do not suffer from obvious responses. D:There is no difference between an antigen and an allergen.

12.Which blood type has only the A antigen on its red blood cells? 选项： A: typeAB B: TYPE O C: typeA D: typeB

13.[单选题]共用题干第一篇Immune FunctionsThe immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication net- work consisting of millions and millions of cells.Organized into sets and subsets,these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive(蜂巢).The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt,appropriate,effective,and self-limiting.At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules,the immune troops move quicklyto eliminate the intruders(人侵者).Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather,immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance.When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself molecule,the system has the ability to"remember"the specifics of the foreign body.Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules,the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies(抗体)passed during lactation(授乳期), this so called immune system memory is not inherited.Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family,your immune system must"learn"from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonseif molecules in the sea of microbes(微生物)in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonseif invader.Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen(抗原).Antigens are not to be confused with illergens(过敏原),which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy.An antigen can be a virus,a bacte-rium,or even a portion or product of one of these organisms.Tissues or cells from another individual also act as antigens,because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign,it rejects them.The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary,nonantigenic building blocks.An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and charac- teristic shapes called epitopes(抗原表位), which protrude(突出)from its surface. Most antigens , even the simplest microbes,carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface;some may even carry several hundreds.Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response.Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.What is used to describe the communication network consisting of cells in the immune system? A The immune system's memory. B Immune troops sliminating intruders. C Bees flying around a hive. D A sea of microbes.

14.（） is the passage of digested end products from the lumen of the GI tract through the mucosal cells into the blood or lymph. 选项： A:Ingestion B:Absorption C:Chewing D:Swallowing

15.How can you gain valuable on-the-job experience?选项： A:Through observation; B:Through exchange information; C:Through an internship; D:Through travel

16.surface runoff is an important part of the water cycle because, through surface runoff, much of the water returns again to the oceans, where a great deal of evaporation occurs.

17.How did the Kiowas pass on their history to their offspring, according to Momaday? 选项： A: Through oral tradition B:Through written documents C:Through religious rites D:Through tribal dances.

18.What determines the specificity of T cell antigen response is the T cell complex of receptor protein on its cell surface.选项： A:正确; B:错误

19.Some hormones bind to cell-surface receptor and pass a signal to proteins within the cell through a process called ().

20.Which of the following statement about TCR is WRONG? 选项：A、It is a T cell antigen receptor B、It composed of αβ or γδ chains C、It is a specific surface marker of T cells D、It can recognize soluble antigens

How do the cells in the immune system recognize an antigen as foreign or non-self选项： A:through an allergic response B:through blood type C:through fine hairs protruding from the antigen surface D:through characteristic shapes on the antigen surface

How do the cells in the immune system recognize an antigen as foreign or non-self
选项：

A:through an allergic response
B:through blood type
C:through fine hairs protruding from the antigen surface
D:through characteristic shapes on the antigen surface